![]() ![]() Members of the most basal family, the Micropterigidae, are both diurnal and nocturnal in habit, with some genera exhibiting splendidly metallic golds and reflective purples. Diurnality is common among moths that live in alpine or arctic habitats or that fly during the coldest months of the year.įrom a phylogenetic perspective, diurnality is well distributed across the order. Taking the Geometridae as an example, there are dozens of species and genera that are diurnal yet there are essentially no species-rich clades (genera, tribes, subfamilies) within the family that are active principally during the day. The most conspicuous example is that of the butterflies, which are, from an evolutionary sense, nothing more than a group (or two) of diurnal moths. Aposematic and highly reflective (e.g., blue, silver, and gold) coloration are associated with diurnal taxa.Īssuming nocturnality as the ground plan for the order, or at least the Glossata, it is evident that diurnality has evolved repeatedly, perhaps hundreds of times within the order. Bright coloration is associated with moths that are diurnal or both diurnal and nocturnal. Most notably, there are dozens of lineages with brightly colored hindwings that are covered by the forewings-the bright coloration being exposed as a flash or warning signal after a moth has been disturbed. But exceptions to both of these statements abound. The patterning in nocturnal taxa is often variable, presumably because details of the coloration are under relaxed selection pressure. Coloration, Diurnality,Nocturnality, and Attraction to LightĪs a general rule, moths that are active principally at night are subtly colored in earth tones, especially browns, grays, black, and white. Wagner, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2001 XI. Regardless of the temporal niche of the ancestral primate, it is likely that nocturnality–diurnality switches, and diurnality–nocturnality switches have emerged independently and multiple times throughout primate evolution ( Ankel-Simons and Rasmussen, 2008), and this is consistent with the multiple mechanisms that could potentially lead to niche switches.ĭavid L. The authors show great variability in the degree of relaxed selection among nocturnal species, suggesting that nocturnality has emerged at different times and multiple times among nocturnal primates, and that the ancestral primate may have been diurnal or cathemeral. ![]() This notion, however, has been challenged by molecular evolution studies of the S-opsin, which usually shows relaxed selection in nocturnal species, of several tarsiers and lemurs ( Tan et al., 2005). Because strepsirhine primates and tarsiers are typically nocturnal and both groups show more primitive features than anthropoid primates, it is traditionally believed that the ancestral Eocene primate was probably nocturnal ( Martin and Ross, 2005). Thus, owl monkeys represent a remarkable exception among anthropoid primates (Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, apes, and humans), as the only nocturnal genus. Haplorhine primates (tarsiers, monkeys, and apes), in contrast, are predominantly diurnal, with two genera representing the nocturnal exception: Tarsius (tarsiers) and Aotus (owl monkeys). ![]() Strepsirhine primates (lemurs and lorisiforms) are predominantly nocturnal. Although the term cathemeral has been widely accepted in the primatology literature, a careful analysis of so-called cathemeral patterns of activity indicates that these patterns are crepuscular, with varying degrees of nocturnality and diurnality, which is in many cases determined by environmental factors (see Luminance and Temporal niche switching). The temporal niche of primates ranges from diurnality to nocturnality with many species showing “cathemeral” patterns of activity. Horacio De la Iglesia, in Progress in Brain Research, 2012 Primates Harry's plans never worked out like she wanted anyway.Roelof A. Fighting Death Eaters, evading Aurors and Ministry attention was an old game and she'd only gotten better at it with age.Īccidentally becoming the Lady Black and adopting a teenager hadn't really been part of the plan, but. Harry might have ended up in the past against her wishes, but now that she was already there you could bet your life on the fact she'd make the most of it.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Oh, it’ll shock you when a headless figure leans forward and dismembers your character, but the way to best almost every puzzle or challenge is to stop, take in a room and learn how your surroundings can be maneuvered. Sometimes all these items work together sometimes they’re diversions that stop you from seeing a button right in front of you. I honestly didn’t expected it to, as I’m a complete scaredy-cat - I have never been able to handle any “Resident Evil” game.īut “Little Nightmares 2" is so fully fleshed out in its details that it encourages not just a patient approach but manages to obscure the most obvious solution, to make you feel stumped when confronted with levers, incinerators or X-ray machines. And the ability to regain a sense of composure, to master each room, each puzzle, hooked me. In turn, the game makes us, the player, feel helpless. But I didn’t see a monster so much as a symbol, a never-ending sense of dread toward any authority figure whom we perceive as having more control than us. When a teacher stands in place as her neck careens up and down Victorian bookshelves, they look less like humans and more creations made of clay. Images of innocence - children - snap and shatter as if they are Precious Moments dolls gone rotten, whereas our elders have snake-like necks and moldable faces that reminded me of the exaggeration of Garbage Pail Kids cards. “Little Nightmares 2" turns a place of safety into one of pure antagonism, from both its environment and inhabitants. Yet it’s hard not to to think of such unsettling realities as we crouch in corners, hide in boxes and rush to avoid tight spaces with other children, who want to shout, throw food and fart, but also want to tie us up by our feet and string us from the bathroom ceiling. The schoolyard horrors of “Little Nightmares 2" don’t allude to present-day realities such as our current pandemic or the now ever-present fear of gun violence. This creates a bond, but also telegraphs early to the player that we must move into this foreboding world with conviction rather than tentativeness. She’s not so much giving us a solution but showing us there’s a way forward. ![]() This connection between Six and Mono feels like the crowning achievement of “Little Nightmares 2.” There are times when entering a room Six will run toward an object, leap into an elevator or crawl along a wall above a creepy pianist. Or, later, when Mono finds a flashlight, the way Six waves him away when the light catches her eyes. I smiled in pure delight when one early simple puzzle required Mono and Six to jump in time, signaled to the player by Six trying to get us in rhythm. Six is there to help us solve puzzles, but I found that much of the enchanting nature of this scary game relied on the way Six felt less like an artificially intelligent companion and more like an actual collaborator.Īs someone who simply does not like to feel overly tense when consuming media, it was the relationship between the player-controlled protagonist - his name is Mono and he wears a paper bag over his head - and Six that kept bringing me back. While it’s definitely not a requirement to have played the first one to enjoy the sequel - the game traffics in frighteningly fantastical imagery and metaphors rather than plot - we are joined through most of our journey by Six, the yellow-raincoat-sporting little girl from the first game. We’re not quite alone throughout “Little Nightmares 2.” “Little Nightmares 2,” like the original, feels rooted in fairy tales rather than gore, violence, grotesqueness or pure jump scares and stealth, tapping into the mix of fear, apprehension and curiousness we feel as children and carry with us into adulthood. Of course, the game’s appeal stretches beyond that demographic slice (the first game in the series has sold more than 2 million copies). “Little Nightmares 2" is a horror game for people who don’t necessarily think they like horror games. And then there were moments I turned on all the lights in my apartment, as if surrounding myself in brightness would make it easier to play.īut I mainly want to talk about what I thought were moments of pure beauty and thoughtfulness. I even had to set the controller down once or twice when my nervous hands made it impossible to properly maneuver the slow-moving child protagonist at the heart of the game. I jumped more than a few times while playing “Little Nightmares 2,” frightened by a sudden movement or the scurrying of something in the dark. ![]() Astronomical objects: linking to databasesĭ.Including author names using non-Roman alphabets.Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes We have modeled these profiles and have specifically studied a single-scale-length model, in which the density scale length (r/sub pD/) equals the temperature scale length (r/sub pT/), and a two-scale-length model, in which r/sub pD//r/sub pT/ = 1.1. This drag drift is dependent on the plasma density and temperature radial profiles. The uneven drag across the alpha orbit also produces an outward, radial, guiding center drift. Alpha orbits that intersect the halo lose 90% of their energy to the halo electrons because of the halo drag, which is ten more » times greater than the drag in the core. The plasma is modeled as a hot reacting core, surrounded by a cold halo plasma (T approx.50 eV). Monte-Carlo techniques are used to determine the alpha radial birth position, the alpha particle position at a collision, and the angle scatter and dispersion at a collision. We have simulated the alpha thermalization process using a Monte-Carlo technique, in which the alpha guiding center is followed between simulated collisions and Spitzer's collision model is used for the alpha-plasma interaction. The author modeled these profiles and have specifically studied a single-scale-length model. Alpha orbits that intersect the halo loose 90% of their energy to the halo electrons because of the halo drag, which is ten times greater than the drag in the core. The plasma is modeled as a hot reacting core, surrounded by a cold halo plasma (T approx. Monte-Carlo techniques are used to determine the alpha radial birth position, the alpha particle position at more » a collision, and the angle scatter and dispersion at a collision. The author simulated the alpha thermalization process using a Monte Carlo technique in which the alpha guiding center is followed between simulated collisions, and Spitzer's collision model is used for the alpha-plasma interaction. The alpha energy is transferred to the plasma by Coulomb collisions and, after thermalization, the alphas can accumulate in the plasma and quench the reaction. « lessĪlpha particles, born at 3.52 MeV, are used to maintain the ignition temperatures in a deuterium-tritium (D-T) reacting plasma above 10 keV in tandem mirror reactors. The method is an extension of that used for off-diagonal matrix elements in quantum fluids. We propose a new Monte Carlo method for computing the amplitude of deuteron components in trial functions for heavier nuclei (here, specifically for /sup 6/Li). We propose to treat them in first order only, for now, and to calculate the result in three- and four-body nuclei. Spin-orbit terms present special problems as well, because the implied gradient operators must be applied repeatedly. We have had good success in our first experiments on a random field method that decouples the interactions and propose to extend our research to /sup 16/O and to p-shell nuclei. Then the sheer number of terms in such trial fashions written as a product of pairs presents specific difficulties. The varieties of interactions in the phenomenological potentials must be reflected in a corresponding richness of the correlations in accurate trial wave functions. Its application to nuclear structure physics presents unique difficulties. Variational Monte Carlo remains an extremely powerful and useful method. The proposed work is to implement and study the properties of the algorithm with simple more » models of few-body nuclei as the physical system to be investigated. The first part of this proposal outlines a synthesis of several advances into a single experimental algorithm. Foremost among them is the fact that numerical integration of the Schr/umlt o/dinger equation, by now straightforward for the ground state of boson systems, is substantially more difficult for many-fermion systems. The straightforward use of Monte Carlo in nuclear physics has been impeded by certain technical difficulties. This proposal is concerned with the use of Monte Carlo methods as a numerical technique in the study of nuclear structure. ![]() However, a 2018 study concluded that blue light could harm the eyes, such as dry eye, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration.Īccording to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), blue light significantly affects a person’s circadian rhythm. ![]() Research on whether blue light screen protectors benefit eye health is still ongoing. Free shipping and returns are also available through Amazon. The EYES PC website allows people to access free shipping within the United States. They can also get a refund within this timeframe. However, the company does not state whether its products reduce glare, protect against scratches, or repel liquids.Ī person can return EYES PC products within 30 days of purchase. The company claims that the EYES PC blue-light-blocking screen can reduce blue light by up to 100% and digital eyestrain when viewing LED screens.ĮYES PC also claims the product’s test data meets Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-accepted American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z80.3 test standards. This brand sells screen protectors in sizes ranging from 11-in laptop panels to panels large enough to fit a 65-in television. These products are compatible with laptops, desktop computers, large monitors, and television screens. ![]() ![]() However, the 5% reduction in transparency may be a problem for people who work in the graphics and arts fields, especially those who work with texturing and color correction.īuyers can get free shipping and returns via Amazon.ĮYES PC offers a range of different blue light screen protector panels. Another advantage is the price, which makes this product a good option for those on a budget. Some consumers mention it still works with touchscreens, though one may need to adjust the touch sensitivity or pressure. This Forito protector repels water and oils and is 95% transparent. They can also block 100% of UV-400 rays and protect against radiation. The company also states that its screen protectors are anti-static, anti-glare, and anti-scratch. The brand makes screen protectors for laptops and desktop computers and claims it is a leading screen filter manufacturer.įorito claims to use the newest blue light filtering technology. Another 2021 article also suggests blue light may be detrimental to skin health.įorito sells blue light screen protectors and ranks as a best seller on Amazon. A 2021 review found that high-energy blue light may harm cell tissue and increase DNA damage, eye damage, skin barrier damage, and photoaging. If people use screens and blue light before bed, they may find it harder to sleep.įurthermore, people may want to protect their skin from the potential side effects of blue light. A 2018 study found that blue light can stimulate the brain and reduce the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps people maintain their circadian rhythm and induce sleep. One possible benefit of blue light screen protectors is improved sleep. However, this does not reflect real-life exposure to blue light. One 2018 study showed changes in the cornea, lens, and retina following exposure to blue light in a laboratory setting. A 2017 review concluded there was a lack of quality evidence to suggest blue light-blocking lenses benefit the general population. Studies into the effects of blue light on eye health have yielded mixed results. Learn more about digital eye strain here. The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) states that blue light-blocking products are unnecessary when using digital devices because it is a lack of blinking and moisture that causes digital eye strain. Currently, there have been no firm conclusions about how blue light may affect a person’s eye health. There has been much debate about how the blue light from screens may affect human health. |
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