![]() ![]() Members of the most basal family, the Micropterigidae, are both diurnal and nocturnal in habit, with some genera exhibiting splendidly metallic golds and reflective purples. Diurnality is common among moths that live in alpine or arctic habitats or that fly during the coldest months of the year.įrom a phylogenetic perspective, diurnality is well distributed across the order. Taking the Geometridae as an example, there are dozens of species and genera that are diurnal yet there are essentially no species-rich clades (genera, tribes, subfamilies) within the family that are active principally during the day. The most conspicuous example is that of the butterflies, which are, from an evolutionary sense, nothing more than a group (or two) of diurnal moths. Aposematic and highly reflective (e.g., blue, silver, and gold) coloration are associated with diurnal taxa.Īssuming nocturnality as the ground plan for the order, or at least the Glossata, it is evident that diurnality has evolved repeatedly, perhaps hundreds of times within the order. Bright coloration is associated with moths that are diurnal or both diurnal and nocturnal. Most notably, there are dozens of lineages with brightly colored hindwings that are covered by the forewings-the bright coloration being exposed as a flash or warning signal after a moth has been disturbed. But exceptions to both of these statements abound. The patterning in nocturnal taxa is often variable, presumably because details of the coloration are under relaxed selection pressure. Coloration, Diurnality,Nocturnality, and Attraction to LightĪs a general rule, moths that are active principally at night are subtly colored in earth tones, especially browns, grays, black, and white. Wagner, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2001 XI. Regardless of the temporal niche of the ancestral primate, it is likely that nocturnality–diurnality switches, and diurnality–nocturnality switches have emerged independently and multiple times throughout primate evolution ( Ankel-Simons and Rasmussen, 2008), and this is consistent with the multiple mechanisms that could potentially lead to niche switches.ĭavid L. The authors show great variability in the degree of relaxed selection among nocturnal species, suggesting that nocturnality has emerged at different times and multiple times among nocturnal primates, and that the ancestral primate may have been diurnal or cathemeral. ![]() This notion, however, has been challenged by molecular evolution studies of the S-opsin, which usually shows relaxed selection in nocturnal species, of several tarsiers and lemurs ( Tan et al., 2005). Because strepsirhine primates and tarsiers are typically nocturnal and both groups show more primitive features than anthropoid primates, it is traditionally believed that the ancestral Eocene primate was probably nocturnal ( Martin and Ross, 2005). Thus, owl monkeys represent a remarkable exception among anthropoid primates (Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, apes, and humans), as the only nocturnal genus. Haplorhine primates (tarsiers, monkeys, and apes), in contrast, are predominantly diurnal, with two genera representing the nocturnal exception: Tarsius (tarsiers) and Aotus (owl monkeys). ![]() Strepsirhine primates (lemurs and lorisiforms) are predominantly nocturnal. Although the term cathemeral has been widely accepted in the primatology literature, a careful analysis of so-called cathemeral patterns of activity indicates that these patterns are crepuscular, with varying degrees of nocturnality and diurnality, which is in many cases determined by environmental factors (see Luminance and Temporal niche switching). The temporal niche of primates ranges from diurnality to nocturnality with many species showing “cathemeral” patterns of activity. Horacio De la Iglesia, in Progress in Brain Research, 2012 Primates Harry's plans never worked out like she wanted anyway.Roelof A. Fighting Death Eaters, evading Aurors and Ministry attention was an old game and she'd only gotten better at it with age.Īccidentally becoming the Lady Black and adopting a teenager hadn't really been part of the plan, but. Harry might have ended up in the past against her wishes, but now that she was already there you could bet your life on the fact she'd make the most of it.
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